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Ake e ćhavenqe xoleva – akate; te kakosqo gad o parno, o nevo, aj vi o krem, o purano – akate si vi o bodlo e Romeosqo. Sa e familiaqe ćoràpe khetane, duj trìkovǎ, de man i mesalin, nane śuki śukar, ka buxlǎrav la palem andre. Dikh: kerdǎs la ti phuri bibi, te mamiaqi phen, pànda si sar nevi – dikh save laćhe luludǎ sivdǎs opre... Dombin sine oj.
i Tamàra- Ćaćes, kon avdives ʒanel te kerel gasavi xurdikani buti vastesqi? So te kerav e kurǎça? Pànda si susli aj phari.
i Bibi- Mukh la and-i bradi. Buxlǎrav la me and-e nanělin. Kaj stalo e śerandesqo fàkelo. Aha, akate si. Ake vi e Romeosqo hoodie aj mo kardigan.
i Tamàra- Kaj kindǎn akaja blùza? But laćhe motìvǎ si la... o śarel, laćhe ranga – akava veś. Vi man sine man duj gasave blùze, ama na odobor laćhe.
i Bibi- Andǎs la manqe to kàko katar-i Italìa. Akana urǎv tut sig te ʒas, akhar e ćhaven, te urǎven pumen vi on sig thaj te aven te dikhas tiraxenqe. Las i ambrèla brśindesqi, kon ʒanel, śaj te ćhorel – dikh o marutha kale.
i Tamàra- Aven o ćhave, śunav len...
i Bibi- Ah, te na bistrav, te kinav e Markosqe neve baskètǎ vaś-o spòrti and-i śkòla.
i Tamàra- Kaj śaj arakhes?
i Bibi- K-o phuro, si les sa: tiraxa, baskètǎ, mokasìne, krokodilesqe modèlǎ - raikane, si les sandàle thaj vi curùlǎ, balerìne aj kherǎ isi les...
i Tamàra- ¿Modèlǎ vintage isi les?
i Bibi- Ka pućhes les kòrkorro... ¿¿¿ Marko, Romeo, AVEN TUMEN ???
Today's topic 1 >>
You already went through a series of possessives forms of the 3rd person (his, her, their) based on the corresponding pronoun, built up from its B-ćham. Remember: laqo kher, laqi adrèsa (padmad 2) and lesqo amal (padmad 7), lesqi phen (pamad 8). One may consider them as adjectives of the buxlo type, but you may figure out now they consist in the B-ćham of the pronoun + -qo, -qi, -qe, namely a possessive postposition, which changes according to the gender, number and accidence of the POSSESSED item. Compare (in light blue, the occurences of the texts):
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3rd person : B-ćham of pronoun
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the possessed item is:
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sing. masc.
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sing. fem.
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plural (both)
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sing. masculine
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les
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lesqo amal
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lesqi phen
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lesqe (ćhave)
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sing. feminine
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la
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laqo kher
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laqi adrèsa
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laqe (ćhave)
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plural (both genders)
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len
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lenqo kher/amal
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lenqi phen/adrèsa
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lenqe (ćhave)
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Note that his, her, their is rendered in this way only when the possessor IS NOT the subject of the clause. In other words, these possessive forms mean always somebody else's item, and nevera his, her, their own item. This will be exemplified later on.
To built a possessive expression including a noun, the same construction is therefoe required: possessor (here masculine) in B-ćham+ -qo, -qi, -qe, namely the possessive postposition,
as highlighted in the text if you click here >>
kàko > B-ćham kakos + -qo [the possessed item is sing. masc.] in kakosqo gad.
kàko > B-ćham kakos + -qi [the possessed item is sing. femc.] in kakosqi adrèsa.
kàko > B-ćham kakos + -qe [the possessed item is in the plural] in kakosqe ćhave.
The feminine possessor implies the same construction:
bibi > B-ćham bibia + -qo [the possessed item is sing. masc.] in bibiaqo gad.
bibi > B-ćham bibia + -qi [the possessed item is sing. femc.] in bibiaqi adrèsa.
bibi > B-ćham bibia + -qe [the possessed item is in the plural] in bibiaqe ćhave, as well as possessors in the plural.
ZU Click here to practice these structures >>
which are by the way common to all Northern languages of India.
The order «possessor + possessed item» or «possessed item + possessor» will be discussed later on.
About the alternative long form of the possessive postposition (-qoro, -qero, -qro) see GR.
The same long form is encountered in the Kannauj area (Northern India).
Today's topic 2 >>
As a rule, masculine nouns borrowed from European languages end in unstressed -o or -i depending on the local vernacular: motìvo or motìvi, spòrto or spòrti, stìlo or stìli, modèlo or modèli etc... with a plural A-ćham in -ǎ.
The i-ending is more common in, but not limited to, Southern areas. Some vernaculars (especially in Bulgaria and Slovakia) have the endings -is: motìvis, spòrtis etc... (sometimes also -os). In some words, the o-ending prevails: plàno.
Accordingly UNSTRESSED endings should not be confused with the STRESSED endings of inherited words, namely masc. o (padmad 12) and fem. i (padmad 13).
Similarly, feminine nouns borrowed from European languages end in unstressed -a: adrèsa, śkòla and form their plural A-ćham in -e.
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masculine in unstressed -o or -i
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feminine in unstressed -a
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singular
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plural
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singular
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plural
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A-ćham
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avokàti [-o]
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avokàtǎ
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avokàta
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avokàte
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B-ćham
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avokates
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avokatěn
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avokata
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avokaten
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In the sing. masculine the ending of the B-ćham is (always stressed) -es, -os or more rarely -is, while it is -ěn or simply -en in the plural. In the sing. feminine the ending of the B-ćham is (always stressed) -a, while it is -en in the plural.
More >>
As mentionned in padmad 14, expressions of quantity do not use this construction but directly the A-ćham of the matter quantified: jekh gono patàte (padmad 14), jekh muśtek xaben (here), jekh burnekh arro.
For local exceptions see GR.
