i Bibi- De man śand, Tamaro. Te kamlǎn, śaj te keres pherǎsa te diaça. Tut nanaj tut opr-o phike i drez te dikǎres ʒivdo jekh kher duje tikne bengençar, save ćhućhǎren o śudarno angla so te pherav les...
i Tamàra- Oh, Bibi!e, ma xolanǒ mançar, na kamlǒm te azbavav tut... Ćaćes si xarri dilipen odova so phendǒm.
i Bibi- Na, nanaj ziand, sadaj sinom khini kana dav godǐ sa so si man te kerav! Bićhalde palem lil katar-i kupatni, so si te peravas i verànda i kaśtuni so vazdinǎm pal-o kher!
i Tamàra- Sosqe? Si jekh berś ka kerden la! Na phende ćomoni ʒi akana...
i Bibi- Phenen so na sine laćhe o lila so kerdǎm kana manglǎm i avtorizàcia. A me ʒanav so sine sa laćhe! Kerdǎm sa sar o duj paśatune amare, o gaʒo zerves aj i phuri gaʒi daxnes kana kerde vi on pumari verànda.
i Tamàra- Te kamlǎn, avav tuça, kerdǒm buti trin masek k-i kupatni and-i Bistrica. Śaj avel manqe khajekh idèa xarani...
i Bibi- Mukh, mukh, kamlǒrri sinan. Mukh te nakhel o biav. Na kamav te lav man e gaʒençar akana aj te pharravav mo śero śele lilençar. Dikhas i loś so to kàko lel borǎ. Si te dikhas amen bute Rromençar saven uć ćirla na dikhlǎm. Na ʒal ti godi sar barǒn o ćhave aj vi neve ćhavorre isi!
Today's topic 1 >>
verb > past of E-verbs
Padmad 10 introduced the verbal pivot, a form which in addition to its fonction corresponding to the English past passive participle, is used to form the basic past tense by replacing the buxlo endings by the personal endings learnt in padmad 5 as illustrated below:
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present tense Ēs
-av -as
-es -en
-el -en
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stem + d after verb stems
ending in -r, -n, -v, -l
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basic past tense Ās -ǒm -ǎm
-ǎn -en
-ǎs -e
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stem + l after verb stems
ending in -s, -ś, -m, -ć, -ćh, -k, -kh
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Example with -d- (verbs ending in -r, -n, -v, -l) pherel to fill
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pherav pheras pheres pheren pherel pheren
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d
[pher-d-o filled, full]
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pher-d-ǒm pher-d-ǎm pher-d-ǎn pher-d-en pher-d-ǎs pher-d-e
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Example with -l- (verbs ending in -s, -ś, -m, -ć, -ćh, -k, -kh) kamel to love
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kamav kamas kames kamen kamel kamen
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l [kam-l-o [be]loved]
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kam-l-ǒm kam-l-ǎm kam-l-ǎn kam-l-en kam-l-ǎs kam-l-e
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Verbs with irregular pivot form the basic past tense in the same way: sutǒm, ćhitǒm.
Today's topic 2 >>
The particle (postposition) denoting the company or the instrument -çar
Padmad 8 provided you with both the A- and B-ćham of the personal pronouns and padmad 9 with the postposition -qe expressing the beneficiary. On the other hand, you have noticed in the previous padmadǎ B-ćham pronouns stuck with a comparable postposition -çar meaning with. Let us refresh our memory with the following table:
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singular
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plural
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cf. padmad
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cf. padmad
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1-to
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mançar with me
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Nr. 3 & here
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amençar with us
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Nr. 4
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2-to
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tuça with you
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here
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with you guys
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not met so far
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3-to
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with him
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not met so far
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lençar with them
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Nr. 10
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3-to
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with her
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not met so far
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You may infer that the missing forms ("not met so far") would be leça, laça and tumençar (leçar and laçar are also possible yet very rare; they even don't exist outside the Southern Balkans).
Click here to highlight the the occurences in this text >>Languages express the relationship between the company or the instrument of an action and the verb meaning this action in various ways: by means of a preposition (like English with Indira), a postposition (like U.P. Hindi Indira sath, Turkish Indira ile or Hungarian Indiraval), an inflection (like Polish combination z Indirą) or even different more exotic ways.
The Rromani solution is the postposition -çar added to the B-ćham of the noun: e Indiraça and it applies to all nouns, be they animate: e diaça, e manuśeçar (sing.), e manuśençar (plural) or inanimate: e khosneçar, e lovençar.
As a rule, the form is -çar after a n ending and -ça in all other cases.
Idioms and proverbs >>
You cannot imagine is rendered by na ʒal ti godi.
