i Bibi- Laćhes, tu Maro, si tut so te des len. Thaj vaś-e avera, ¿ʒanes vareso? ¿Tǐri dej, avel tǐri dej?
i Tamàra- ¿¿Voj, k-o abav te na avel?? Mi dej merel abavenqe, i angluni si voj te avel... Sar pućhes?
i Bibi- Pućhav. O pàpu si uć but phuro thaj nasvalo, ni ʒanav sar śaj mekel les... Maj anglal, kana sàsa maj terno, vov ni mekèlas abav bixalo, phirèlas kilomètre te resel, sikavèlas amenqe i rovli thaj phenèlas: ake mo vordon, ni pinʒarel so si avarìa... Thaj k-o than, khelèlas sar ternexar, ćaćes but bengǎlo sàsa mo dad...
i Tamàra- Vi akana si bengǎlo! Ami tǐ phen, ¿naj bengǎli vi voj? Mothoda manqe o pàpu so kerèlas kana sàsa cikni...
i Bibi- Ee – ʒanav! Duj ćhave duj ćheja sàsa les, a i ćhej i cikni sa maj baro beng sar e duj ćhave... Ʒanav, śelvar aśundem akaja gili... No, laćhes, so kinel tǐ dej e ternenqe?
i Tamàra- Phenda so kamel te kinel sastrn.
i Bibi- ¿Sastrn? ¿Savo sastrn? ¿Te keren pètala e grastesqe? ¿Ja e xeresqe?
i Tamàra- Na, ma ker tut dili! Bengǎli sànas vi tu, thaj bengǎli aćhilǎn... Sastrn gadenqe, mori bibi, te den sastrn e gada! Kamel te kinel lenqe sa i centràla: o sastrn, i bàza so tatarel o paj thaj kerel vras thaj i phal.
i Bibi- Si denipe e boraqe, na e duje ternenqe.
i Tamàra- Na, na, si maj but denipe e ʒamutresqe: jekh i bori ni biral akaja butǐ, duj vov merel te del sastrn thaj plus merel te iklǒl urado sar top-modèli, laćhardo krèsto!!! Sar o pàpu ʒi akana...
Today's topic 1 >>
verb > imperfect
Click here to highlight the continuous past >>it is made with the particle as added after the verb: phirel s/he walks, is walking > phirèlas s/he was walking, used to walk. The same is valid with the copula sem I am > sèmas I wasa – except at the third person: si s/he is > sàsa s/he was, pl. sèsa they were. The E-bi copula has two possible parallel negative forms of the past tense:
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singular
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plural
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1-to
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ni/naj sèma[s]
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ni/naj sàma[s]
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2-to
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ni/naj sàna[s]
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ni/naj sèna[s]
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3-to
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ni/naj sàsa but also masc. navlòsa, fem. navlìsa
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ni/naj sèsa but also navlèsa
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Today's topic 2 >>
The particle (postposition) denoting the beneficiary -qe
Click here to highlight >>
Padmad 8 provided you with both the A- and B-ćham of the personal pronouns (me, tu... & man, tut...). On the other hand, you have noticed in the previous padmadǎ expressions of beneficiary involving personal pronouns. Let us refresh our memory with the following table:
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singular
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plural
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cf. padmad
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cf. padmad
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1-to
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manqe for me
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Nr. 2, 4, 5 & 8
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amenqe for us
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Nr. 7
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2-to
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tuqe for you
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Nr. 4, 5 & 6
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for you guys
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not met so far
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3-to
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lesqe for him
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Nr. 6 & 8
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lenqe for them
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Nr. 7
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3-to
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laqe for her
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Nr. 2 & 8
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You may infer immediately from this table that the particle added to the B-ćham of the pronoun indicates it represents the beneficiary of the action expressed by the verb and that accordingly the form meaning for youguys is tumenqe.
Languages express the relationship between the beneficiary of an action and the verb meaning this action in various ways: by means of a preposition (like English for Indira), a postposition (like Hindi Indira ko/kelie, Turkish Indira için or Hungarian Indiranak), an inflection (like Polish Indirze – beside the combination dla Indiry) or even different more exotic ways.
The Rromani solution is the postposition -qe added to the B-ćham of the noun: e Indiraqe and it applies to all nouns, be they animate: e ʒuklesqe, e manuśesqe (sing.), e manuśenqe (plural) or inanimate: e khosnesqe, e lovenqe.
GR Click here to see the tables and the different accidents of pronunciation occuring in the various Rromani vernaculars >>.
More >>
By the way you have probably noticed that the B-ćham of the article is e for all categories. As a result, the whole table of the article is as follows:
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singular masc.
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singular fem.
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plural both genders
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A-ćham
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o
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i/e
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e
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B-ćham
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e
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e
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e
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